Pear variety Chizhovskaya is well known in Central Russia. For several decades, it has been successfully cultivated both in private courtyards and in industrial gardens. Of course, many attractive pear varieties have been obtained at present. But when choosing a variety for planting, it does not hurt to consider this long-tried one.
Description of the variety and its full characteristics
The variety was isolated at the Moscow Agricultural Academy in 1956 by crossing varieties Olga and Forest Beauty. From the first, immunity to diseases, fruitfulness and early maturity were obtained. From the second - self-fertility, taste and size of the fruit, regular and high productivity, undemanding care. Included in the State Register in 1993, zoned in the Northwest, Middle Volga and Central regions.
The tree is medium-sized, the crown is oval, according to VNIISPK (All-Russian Research Institute for Selection of Fruit Crops) - in the early years, narrow, growing up, becomes pyramidal. Crown thickening is medium, according to VNIISPK - high. Fruits on the glove.
Kolchatka is the weakest growth on pear branches and the shortest, but slightly thicker than the rest. It grows by 1-3 mm per year, forming ribs-rings.
Pear Chizhevskaya tolerates severe winters, and also has a high immunity to scab. Good early maturity - comes into bearing for 3-4 years after vaccination. Late ripening - the end of August-beginning of September. Productivity is high (average 50 kg per tree) and regular. Self-pollination is high, but the presence of pollinators increases productivity. The best pollen donors are pears:
- Lada;
- Northerner;
- Rogneda.
Pear-shaped fruits, somewhat elongated, attractive appearance. The fruit size is medium and even smaller. The mass of one fruit is 100-120 grams, according to VNIISPK - 120-140 grams. The surface of the thin skin is matte, dry, smooth. Color - yellow-green with subcutaneous small, green dots. Ripe fruit has a dense and juicy pulp. The taste is refreshing, sour-sweet. Tasters rate the taste at 4.1-4.2 points. Inside the fruit there are 8-10 seeds of brown color.
The color of the Chizhovsakaya pear fruit is yellow-green with subcutaneous small, green dots
Fruits are used both for processing and for use as desserts. Maturing fruits can hang on branches for a long time without crumbling. They have excellent presentation, but average transportability. Shelf life at a temperature of 0 ° C - 2-4 months.
Video: pear variety Chizhovskaya
Planting pear varieties Chizhovskaya
Before you start planting a pear, you need to choose a suitable place for it. This is an important stage, and much depends on the correct choice of place - how the pear will bear fruit, whether the tree will bear fruit and survive.
So, what the pear does not like:
- Cold northerly winds.
- Flooding, dampness.
- Thick shadow.
- Heavy soil.
- Alkalization of the soil.
Criteria for choosing a landing site:
- A small slope south or southwest.
- Protection from winds from the north or northwest. It can be thick trees, a wall of a building, a fence. It is important that they are at some distance and not create a shadow for the young tree.
- Soil acidity in the range of pH 5.5-6.5. Will grow at a pH of 4.2-4.4. Moreover, some sources claim that on acidic soils the pear is almost not affected by scab.
- Loose soil structure and good drainage.
There is an important rule for planting most fruit plants - a seedling is bought in the fall, and planted in the early spring before sap flow. There is a logical explanation for this. Nurseries excavate seedlings for sale in the fall. It is at this time that you can choose the best quality plants. But seedlings planted in the fall can not always endure the harsh winter conditions. This is especially true for more northern areas.
When choosing a seedling, preference should be given to one or two-year-old plants (these take root better and faster, earlier bear fruiting) with well-developed roots. There should be no damage or cracks on the cortex.
Sapling roots must be well developed
The purchased seedling must be stored until spring. To do this, they add it to a specially dug hole about one meter long and 30-40 centimeters deep. A layer of sand with a thickness of 8-12 centimeters is poured at the bottom. Lay the seedling in a hole with its roots on the sand, with the tip on the edge. Previously, the roots should be dipped in a talker of red clay and mullein. They fall asleep with a small layer of sand and watered with water. Before the onset of frost, the pit is completely covered with earth - only the top of the seedling is left on the surface.
Before placing the seedling in the pit, dip the roots into the clay mash.
If there is such an opportunity - the seedling can be stored in the basement. To do this, ensure a storage temperature of between 0-5 ° C and a moist environment for the roots. For example, you can wrap them with moss and moisten.
Step-by-step instructions for planting a pear
Plant a pear by performing the following sequence of actions:
- At a chosen place in the autumn, they dig a hole 0.7-0.8 meters deep. The diameter may be the same or somewhat larger. There is a rule: the poorer the soil, the larger the pit volume. On sandy soils, the volume of the pit can be 1-2 m3.
- If the soil is heavy - pour a drainage layer 10-15 centimeters thick at the bottom. As a draining layer, crushed stone, expanded clay, broken brick, etc. can be used. If the soil is sandy, a clay layer of the same thickness is poured onto the bottom.
If the soil is heavy - pour a drainage layer 10-15 centimeters thick at the bottom
- The entire volume of the pit is filled with a nutrient mixture consisting of humus, peat, chernozem taken in equal parts. It is necessary to add 2-3 liters of wood ash, 300-400 grams of superphosphate and mix well with a pitchfork or shovel.
- The pit is covered with a film, roofing material, slate, etc. This is necessary so that nutrients are not washed out during snow melting.
- Before planting, a seedling is taken out and inspected. If everything is fine - put the roots in a bucket of water for 3-4 hours. The addition of growth stimulators and root formation, for example, Kornevin, Heteroauxin, Epin, and others, will not hinder.
Before planting, the seedling is soaked for 3-4 hours in water
- A hole is opened and part of the soil is selected from it so that the roots of the seedling freely fit in the formed hole. A small mound is poured in the center. 10-15 centimeters from the center drive a wooden stake about one meter high above the ground.
- The seedling is placed in a hole, carefully spreading the roots along the slopes of the mound, and begin to backfill. Do this in layers, periodically tamping. It is important to ensure that the root neck does not appear to be buried - it is better if it remains 2-3 cm above the soil level.
It is important to ensure that the root neck is not buried - it is better if it remains 2-3 cm above the soil level
- When the pit is completely filled up, they form a trunk circle in diameter. This is convenient to do with a chopper or a plane cutter.
- The tree is tied to a peg so as not to damage or transmit the trunk.
- Water the tree abundantly. The soil in the pit should be well moistened and fit snugly to the roots.
- After a few days, the trunk circle should be mulched. For this, humus, compost, hay, sunflower husk, etc., are suitable.
A few days after watering, the trunk circle should be mulched
- The central conductor is cut to a height of 60-80 centimeters, twigs are cut in half.
Features of cultivation and subtleties of care
Growing a pear Chizhovskaya is not associated with special difficulties and can be done by a novice gardener. Knowing the standard set of agrotechnical methods and techniques will allow you to easily cope with this task.
Watering
The pear does not tolerate drought and watered it quite often. Mandatory irrigation dates:
- Before flowering.
- After flowering.
- During the formation of ovaries and increased growth of shoots.
- Two weeks before the fruit ripens.
- After the harvest.
- Autumn water-loading irrigation.
Depending on weather conditions, the frequency of irrigation can be increased or decreased. The trunk circle is formed in such a way that the root neck and the stem are covered with a roller from the ground. This is done so that moisture does not accumulate in the immediate vicinity of the trunk, as this can cause reheating. Abundance of irrigation should provide a depth of soil moisture within 20-30 centimeters. 1-2 days after watering, the soil is loosened and mulched.
Excess moisture is no less dangerous for a pear than a deficiency. Do not make a “swamp” in the near-stem circle.
Top dressing
Like any fruit tree, a pear needs basic mineral elements (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus), as well as trace elements. When planting, a sufficient amount of nutrients is laid in the pit for tree growth in the first years of life. With the onset of the fruiting pore, nutritional consumption increases and additional feeding is required.
Table: how and when to feed a pear
| Types of fertilizers | Dosage and dosage methods | Dates and frequency of application |
| Organic fertilizer | ||
| Humus, compost or grassroots peat | Five kilograms per 1 m2 fertilizer evenly scattered on the surface of the trunk circle and dig | Autumn or spring with an interval of 2-3 years |
| Liquid infusions | Within a week, 2 liters of mullein, 1 liter of bird droppings or 5 kg of freshly cut grass are insisted in ten liters of water. After that, the infusion is diluted with water in a ratio of 1 to 10 and watered at the rate of one bucket per square meter. | The first feeding is carried out during the formation of the ovaries. Then repeat two more times with an interval of 2-3 weeks. If in the current season the pear for some reason does not bear fruit - there is no need for feeding. |
| Mineral fertilizers | ||
| Nitrogen-containing (nitroammofosk, ammonium nitrate, urea) | Make under digging at the rate of 30-40 g / m2 | Annually in spring |
| Potassium-containing (potassium monophosphate, potassium sulfate) | Dissolved in water and watered at the rate of 10-20 g / m2 | Annually in early summer |
| Phosphorus-containing (superphosphate, double superphosphate, supegro) | Make under digging at the rate of 30-40 g / m2 | Annually in autumn |
| Complex fertilizers | Contribute according to instructions | |
Trimming
Pruning is important for any fruit tree, including a pear.
Pear crown formation in spring
Fundamental is shaping pruning. Whatever form is chosen - it should provide good illumination of the inner space of the crown and its ventilation, as well as provide ease of care and harvesting. The pear of the Chizhevskaya krone has a pyramidal crown, a sparse-tier formation will be more appropriate for it. Spend it in early spring, before the swelling of the kidneys.
Step-by-step instructions for performing sparse-tier crown formation
This is the most famous and tested form. Following the instructions, even a novice gardener can perform it, although, of course, for the first time it is better to do this under the guidance of an experienced mentor.
- When planting the tree, the first step was taken - the seedling was cut to 60-80 centimeters.
- After one or two years, the first tier of skeletal branches is formed. Do it like this:
- Choose 2-3 branches located at a distance of 15-25 centimeters from each other and directed in different directions. Cut them to one third of the length.
- The remaining branches are cut "into a ring."
- The central conductor should be cut so that it is longer than skeletal branches by 20-30 centimeters.
- After another one or two years, the second tier of skeletal branches is formed in a similar way.
- By this time, second-order branches usually grow on skeletal branches. Two of them are selected for each skeletal branch and shortened by 30-40%.
- After the next one or two years, the third and last tier is formed. It is important to observe the principle of subordination - the branches of the third tier should be shorter than the branches of the second tier, and they, in turn, are shorter than the branches of the first tier.
- The formation is completed by cutting the central conductor at the base of the upper branch.
When sparse-tier formation of the crown comply with the principle of subordination
Spring trim
Pear Chizhevskaya prone to thickening the crown, so she will need regulatory trim. They are also performed in early spring by removing shoots growing inside the crown. At the same time, one should not overdo it - on the inner branches, gloves with flower buds are also formed. Excessive pruning will reduce next year's crop.
Support Crop
In summer, the so-called minting of young shoots is carried out. It consists in shortening them by 10-12 centimeters. Chasing contributes to the additional growth of the annulus on the shoots, which leads to an increase in the yield of next year.
Sanitary pruning
This pruning is carried out in late autumn and / or early spring. This removes dry, diseased and damaged branches.
Cropping Rules
When starting to trim, you need to know the following rules:
- The tool (secateurs, delimbers, hacksaws, knives) used for trimming should be sharpened sharply.
- Before starting work, the tool should be disinfected with 1% solution of copper sulfate, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, etc. It is impossible to use gasoline, kerosene and other petroleum products for these purposes.
- Cutting branches, you should not leave hemp - a cut is done "on the ring."
- Thick branches are cut in several steps, in parts.
- All sections with a diameter of more than ten millimeters are cleaned with a knife and covered with garden var.
Experienced gardeners do not recommend using a garden var, made on the basis of petrolatum and other oil products. Preference should be given to formulations based on natural ingredients such as beeswax, lanolin.
Video: how to trim a pear
Diseases and Pests
An important step in pear care is the implementation of sanitary and preventive measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of diseases and pests.
Prevention
Preventive measures, carried out in full and on time, are almost guaranteed to save the gardener from diseases and pests.
Table: list of main preventive measures, timelines and methods of implementation
| Name of events | Scope of work | Timing and frequency of implementation | Effect |
| Collection and disposal of dry leaves, weeds and other plant debris | Autumn after leaf fall | When burning, spores of fungi, wintering pests are destroyed | |
| Sanitary pruning | Cut branches are burned | In late autumn after the end of sap flow, and also in early spring, if necessary | |
| Whitewashing trees | Trunks and skeletal branches are whitened with a solution of slaked lime with the addition of 1% copper sulphate or use special garden paints | Autumn spring | Prevention of sunburn of the bark, as well as the creation of obstacles to the movement of beetles, caterpillars, ants |
| Deep digging of the soil of tree trunks with turning over the earth | Late fall | Wintering larvae and bugs raised to the surface can freeze when frost | |
| Processing of soil and crown with copper sulfate | Sprayed with a 3% solution of copper sulfate or Bordeaux liquid | Late autumn, early spring | Disinfection against spores of fungi |
| Pesticide Treatment | Apply DNOC once every three years, in other years use Nitrafen | In early spring | Prevents the early appearance of fungal diseases and pests. |
| Systemic fungicide treatment | They use drugs with a short waiting time and do not accumulate in the fruits. Such as the:
You should know that antifungal drugs are addictive, so you need to use them no more than three times a season of each item. | The first time after flowering, then with an interval of 2-3 weeks | Almost guaranteed to get rid of infection with fungal diseases |
Possible pear diseases
Like most fruit crops, the pear is most often affected by fungal diseases. The preventive measures described above will almost certainly save the gardener from these misfortunes. But to get acquainted with the signs of major diseases will not be superfluous.
Moniliosis
This is the most common disease of stone fruit and pome fruit. As a rule, infection occurs during flowering, when the bees bring spores of the fungus on their legs along with pollen. Starting the development in flowers, the fungus penetrates through the pestle into the shoot, then into the leaves. The affected parts of the plant lose their shape, hang like rags, then blacken. From the outside, it looks like a frost defeat or a chemical burn during early treatment with drugs. Having found signs of moniliosis, the affected shoots should be immediately cut, while capturing healthy wood by 20-30 centimeters. After that, you need to treat the tree with fungicides as indicated in the table above. In the summer, moniliosis affects the fruits of the pear with gray rot, making them unusable. Such fruits are plucked and destroyed.
In the summer, moniliosis affects the fruits of the pear with gray rot, making them unusable
Scab
Pear Chizhevskaya, as was noted in the description, has good immunity to this disease. But in wet, cool weather and in the absence of prevention, infection is not excluded. Scab is manifested by the formation on the underside of olive-colored leaves of spots that have a velvety surface. When the fruit is affected, putrefactive spots, cracks appear on them, the flesh becomes hard. Affected fruits and leaves are removed and destroyed whenever possible, the tree is treated with fungicides.
When the fruit is scabbed, putrefactive spots, cracks appear on them, the flesh becomes hard
Soot fungus
Usually this fungus affects pear leaves already weakened by aphids. This happens in the second half of summer. Aphids in the process of life emit a sugary liquid, which, in turn, becomes a breeding ground for the fungus. As a result, the leaves, shoots and fruits affected by the fungus are covered with a black coating resembling soot.
The leaves of a pear affected by a soot fungus are covered with a black coating
First of all, you need to deal with aphids in a timely manner, using insecticides such as Fufanon, Decis, Iskra-Bio. Fungicides are, of course, used against fungi.
Likely Pear Pests
Among the insects there are many who want to feast on juicy leaves, shoots, fruits of a pear.
Aphid
The aphid feeding on juicy pulp of leaves and young shoots has already been mentioned above. Not only fungi, but also ants like to eat its sweet secretions. So they then bring these small insects to the crown, where they settle on leaves and fruits. The preventative measures described above successfully counteract this. If aphids are found on the leaves of a pear, immediately spray the crown with insecticides, trying to moisten the underside of the leaves with a solution. It is better to tear off and destroy twisted leaves.
Ants love to feast on the sweet aphid secretions
Pear moth
The butterfly, like the other codling moth, is gray and nondescript. Its larvae creeping out of eggs in the second half of May rise along the trunk to the crown and penetrate the fruits, where they feed on seeds and pulp. An effective method of control is spraying the crown with insecticides before flowering, as well as after flowering pears. In addition, established hunting belts and lime whitewash will prevent crawling crawlers.
Caterpillar of the pear moth creeps out of the eggs and penetrates the fruits
Pear beetle
This is one of the many weevils. Winters in the soil. Awakening in the spring, crawls on the crown of a pear. There, first of all, he begins to eat swollen buds, eating flowers from the inside. In the future, it affects the ovaries and young shoots. In early spring, when it is still cold outside, you can collect weevils by hand. They have one feature - when in the early morning the air has not warmed above +5 ° C, the beetles are sitting on branches in a daze. At this time, they can be easily shaken off onto a cloth or film spread under a tree. And of course, after that, treat the crown with an insecticide, for example, Decis.
Awakening from hibernation, flower beetle beetles climb the crown
Reviews
We planted the Chizhovskaya pear at the cottage near Borovsky in 1998 with an annual seedling. The tree grew without problems. Although the site is on a hill and is heavily blown by the winds, it never froze. Every year, we were looking forward to at least one fruit to find out the taste. A couple of times there were several fruits, but they did not reach us. While we were coming again, the birds had already pecked them and they were falling. But our patience was rewarded! Last year we got a wonderful harvest! Our beauty looked so luxurious with the fruits Image, that we were sorry to deprive her of such an outfit! The husband was happy as a child and carefully pressed pears to himself. The taste of this variety is amazing. The pulp is juicy, sweet. And what a flavor !!! You can safely grow this variety in our conditions.
borovchanka
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Pear Chizhovskaya began to bear fruit for 2 years after planting a seedling, bears fruit every year. He suffers frosts in winter and drought without any visible consequences.
Vyacheslav, Samara
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This is in the Samara region, Stavropol district, Kirillovka. Pears of all sorts actually grow well. I have Chizhovskaya and Volzhskaya beauty, my parents in the neighboring plot Lada, Volzhskaya beauty, Zorka, Zhukova. After a harsh winter, about 3 years ago, all plums froze, the apple-tree of the daughter of a folder, the branches of the apple trees froze, and the pears grow and bear fruit. Apparently the place suits them well, because in other summer cottages, usually pears freeze earlier than apple trees.
Vyacheslav, Samara
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Obviously we are talking about the average value. I have one tree gives about 50 kg, another about 100 kg, rare years less. In the Michurinsky Garden TSHA showed me a tree from which they collected 200 kg of fruit. To my taste, while I do not see Chizhevskaya’s competitors in terms of the sum of signs in the Moscow Region. Crohn is prone to thickening. Timely pruning can increase the size of the fruit and yield. The trees are 20 years old. Sincerely, Victor.
Victor 55, Kolomna
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Re: Chizhovskaya More than 10 years ago, I purchased cuttings of this variety in the same place. This season, the vaccine in the crown gave a very large crop (not the first). For residents of Ukraine, the variety is of no interest, because the frost resistance that it withstands in the Moscow Region is not needed by anyone here, and all other characteristics are at the level of wild forms. Accordingly, therefore, a huge yield of this variety is not needed here. This year in the Poltava region, it matured in the third decade of July. Now, on August 1, 2017, several fruits remained in the crown. This information is not in order to diminish the importance of the variety, but for the fact that it must be selected taking into account the region of cultivation and for the whole of Ukraine it is of no value.
ilich1952
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Pear Chizhevskaya is of interest to residents of regions that are not spoiled by the southern sun. High winter hardiness and disease resistance, self-fertility, high productivity. Here are the characteristics that allow you to put up with not too high taste and lack of portability. For consumption and processing on site, this variety can be confidently recommended to gardeners of the Middle Strip.
